Yufeng Guo 1, * , Yaojun Hao 2, *
1 School of Marxism, Xinzhou Normal University
2 Department of Computer Science, Xinzhou Normal University

• Corresponding author
  E- mail: guoyufeng1@163.com
  Funding Declaration:Xinzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, ZX20240216
  Abstract.
  College students’ career planning refers to the process of establishing their career development goals,
  looking for careers, and taking necessary actions to achieve career goals on the basis of analyzing their
  subjective and objective factors. Career planning is an important aspect of human resource
  management. It is a new trend in recent years to study it with the theory and method of psychology.
  The systematic analysis of these problems can be used as the premise of studying the career planning of
  college students, helping them to make correct self-assessment and career positioning, improve their
  self-awareness and evaluation ability, and form a good career self. When guiding the career
  development direction of college students, it is necessary to predict the future career development
  direction of college students. An effective prediction method can provide objective and simple data
  support and theoretical basis for educators to help them implement educational guidance smoothly.
  This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the problems existing in the process of college career
  education, summarizes the principle of using gray prediction model, and analyzes the dimensions of
  factors affecting the career development direction of college students, and then carries out the modeling
  of the prediction model, the realization of the algorithm, and the case test of the prediction method. The
  research shows that the grey prediction algorithm has a good performance in the prediction of small
  and medium data, and the career choice of college students shows a diversified trend. They pay more
  attention to the match of personal interests and values, rather than traditional employment stability and
  salary levels. Therefore, college students pay more attention to self-realization and job satisfaction in
  career planning. Second, demand from the technology sector will continue to grow. With the rapid
  development of technology and the advancement of digital transformation, the employment
  opportunities of technical positions will increase significantly. Therefore, college students should
  actively learn related technologies to improve their competitiveness. Entrepreneurial spirit and
  innovation ability will be the key elements of college students’ success. In the environment of
  economic development and increasingly fierce market competition, college students need to have
  entrepreneurial spirit and innovative thinking, have the courage to face challenges and flexibly respond
  to changes.
  Key words: career planning, ideological education, grey model, human resource management
  1 Introduction
  With the increasing state investment in higher education, the enrollment scale of local colleges and
  universities is also expanding, and the number of students is also increasing. Most ordinary colleges
  and universities are faced with the problem that the employment direction of students is unclear and
  they lack a clear plan for themselves [1]. The career development of college students is influenced by
  many factors, including personal quality, family background, employment policy, etc., but the influence
  of ideological education guidance in colleges and universities is still in the main position [2].
  Therefore, in college education, it is an important task for educators to guide the career development
  direction of students reasonably, effectively and timely. It is directly related to the improvement of the
  comprehensive quality of college students and the quality of talent training. Therefore, it is necessary to
  predict the future career development direction of college students. An effective prediction method can
  provide objective and simple data support and theoretical basis for educators to help them implement
  educational guidance smoothly.
  With the rapid development of current education informatization, colleges and universities have
  continuously accumulated various data and information in the process of education and teaching, but
  many data have not been effectively used [3]. For example, in the educational administration
  information management system of most colleges and universities, students’ academic performance
  data is only used for input/output and simple query operations, and the analysis and processing of

students’ achievements are generally only simple mathematical statistics such as statistical scores and
credits. For example, in most colleges and universities that implement comprehensive evaluation, the
accumulated comprehensive evaluation data are only used to supplement awards and academic
achievements [4]. A large amount of valid data has not been mined and used at a deeper level. At the
same time, they do not play a scientific role in guiding the career development of students, so it is
difficult for the career guidance of college student management workers to meet the actual
development needs of students [5]. How to train and transport talents with independent ability to meet
the needs of society has become an urgent task faced by colleges and universities today. This requires
us to base on the present, focus on the future, conduct in-depth thinking and exploration, innovate
educational concepts, and get out of the dilemma of college development [6]. The analysis of college
students’ career planning is not only helpful to deepen the comprehensive understanding of the
guidance theory of career planning, but also provides the theoretical and practical basis for the
development of the guidance ideology of college employment.
2 Related Work
Literature [8] points out that senior students have a significant tendency in career experience, career
exploration, career planning and career action, which increases with the increase of grade. Literature
[9] found that systematic career planning contributes to a successful career. According to literature
[10], whether college students have a clear career plan will affect their employment and career
development, and the factors affecting college students’ career planning have been widely concerned by
scholars at home and abroad. Literature [11] found that there was no significant difference in the career
development of teenagers with two grades of the same major, indicating that age was not the main
factor affecting the career planning of college students. Literature [12] finds that compared with girls,
boys have a more positive and active attitude towards their careers, which indicates that there are
significant gender differences in college students’ career planning. Literature [13] finds that college
students’ learning motivation, adaptability to study and life, career decision-making ability and
application of career planning strategies are significantly positively correlated with career planning.

3. Study on college students’ career planning behavior choice and its influencing factors
   3.1 Analysis of influencing factors of college students’ career planning
   The influencing factors of college students’ career planning mainly include internal factors and external
   factors. A rough scientific analysis and reasonable explanation of internal and external factors can help
   college students establish more scientific and regular concepts and consciousness in the process of
   career planning. Internal factors, that is, self-factors: From the perspective of college students’ own
   analysis, including their interests, hobbies, personality, own ability and objective understanding. The
   main body of college students’ career planning is college students themselves, so it is necessary to
   establish a more humanized development platform for college students, give them space to grow, and
   formulate humanized training plans. Since college students are the main body of career planning,
   schools and society should strengthen investment in college students’ career planning, improve the
   system of college students’ career planning, create more favorable conditions for college students’
   career planning, and let them know themselves more clearly [11]. Students’ self-awareness includes
   whether they know their own interests; Do you know what you’re capable of? Do you know your
   strengths and weaknesses? Are you satisfied with your college life? Do you have any plans for your
   college life? Do you know your growth plan for the next three to five years? Among the factors of
   college students themselves, the construction of college students’ spiritual world is also worthy of our
   attention. Facing the rapid changes of the real society, the spiritual world of college students is a severe
   test. The spiritual life education of college students mainly includes the cultivation of moral quality and
   professional attitude. How to establish a good moral character and a good professional attitude is also
   an upward dimension of their own factors. For college students themselves, before formal employment,
   they should participate in social practice, carry out various types of pre-employment training, cultivate
   a good professional attitude and improve professional accomplishment. Through ideological and
   political education, a series of education is carried out to improve college students’ understanding and
   correct outlook on life and world, enrich their spiritual world, and more calmly face the real society and
   cruel workplace [15]. The comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students is shown in
   Figure 1.

Figure 1: Comprehensive quality evaluation system of college students

External factors, i.e., social or other factors: From the analysis of the entire social environment, a career
planning statement without social factors cannot be empty talk. Sooner or later, college students will
leave school and face the colorful outside world. If we do not consider the influence of social factors on
career planning, college students will feel confused and at a loss when they first step into the society.
While receiving theoretical knowledge education at school, college students are required to take an
active part in social practice. They can’t blindly learn theoretical knowledge from books. The right
attitude should be able to effectively combine book knowledge with social practice, so as to truly apply
what you have learned. If you do not participate in social practice, it is difficult to have a correct
understanding of the society, so that many college students will encounter obstacles everywhere when
they leave the campus, and can not adapt to the society well. Social demand is the most important
objective condition to determine college students’ career planning and career choice. First, it affects the
realization degree of college students’ career choice. Generally speaking, if the supply of employment
exceeds the demand, the range of career choices for college students will be larger, the difficulty of
employment will be smaller, and the degree of realization will be higher. If the supply of jobs is smaller
than the demand, the range of choices will be narrowed and the degree of realization will be reduced.
Second, it’s an opportunity to influence career choices. The political system is governed by social
factors. Today’s college students are the first to become aware of national policies and institutions.
Sending samples will make it easier to select specific industries in the future. By understanding the
occurrence and development of national policies, you can judge the future trend of the industry and
choose the industry in a targeted way, so as to find a suitable development space for yourself.
Economic trend is the secondary reason of social factors, and enterprises are mostly concentrated in the
economic field, which is the key town of college students’ employment. Economy, society and culture
are the three important factors of social and economic operation, and they are indispensable. Without
any of them, society cannot function properly. Therefore, for contemporary college students, if they
want to deepen their understanding of society, they should start from these three aspects, objectively
and accurately understand the political, economic and cultural changes of society, and timely adjust
their employment plans.
3.2. Predictive model modeling and algorithm implementation based on data mining
Before you can build a predictive model, you need to collect data. Through investigation and statistics,
we have obtained the comprehensive quality evaluation results data of the seven classes of students in a
vocational college in the past ten years. Then, the collected data is preprocessed. In this article, we
transform the decentralized student data set into the annual grade master data table so that these data
are stored in the same way. This data table contains all the data of each dimension of the
comprehensive quality evaluation of students in a certain grade and a certain academic year. First, fill
in the missing values, such as a score of 0 for a student who missed a test and -1 for a student who did
not attend class. Second, remove outliers such as dropouts, suspensions, and repeat scores for students.
Remove some attributes that are not relevant to the mining results, such as numbers and names. The
method of normalization and attribute construction is used to generalize the attribute values in the
table, and the generalized form of the table is obtained. Then, according to the data type required by the
comprehensive evaluation dimension of the career development direction of college students, the basic
data of students are calculated cumulatively, and a new comprehensive evaluation data form is
obtained. In order to ensure the feasibility of modeling, it is necessary to check and process the pre-
processed data. We found that in the above data, the amount of data is small. When the amount of data
is small, GM(1,1) modeling can be considered. However, whether this modeling can really be carried
out still needs to be verified. Therefore, the following verification process confirms that the research in
this paper can be modeled. The process is as follows:
GM(1,1) model is a generative model, which needs to generate corresponding generative series when
solving problems. Set as the original sequence, for the generated sequence after r times of
accumulation, that is

=( (1)，(2)，··· ，(n) )
=((1)，(2)，··· ，(n) )
Then the summation production is:

(k)=(1)+(2)+···+(k)

=+)
For , its inverse accumulation generates the calculation formula:
((k))=(((k)))—((k-1)) ( 5-4)
=(k)—(k-1)
=)
The ten-dimensional grey prediction model of GM(1,1) is used.
If =[(1)，(2)，··· ，(5)，(10)]
=[227.27、69.11、189.98、201.28、156.44、104.04、90.39、70.50、52.03、69.11] is the sample
data sequence, respectively representing the scores of each student, and then the sequence is generated
by first-order accumulation, (k)＝ (＝1,2,…,10), get sequence.
GM(1,1) prediction model is a first order single variable grey differential equation dynamic model
+=b (k=1，2，…，10)
Among them, is the generation of the adjacent mean of , and the whitening equation of the above
equation is of the form +=b
Applying the least square method to to determine the model parameters, we obtain:
==..，
B=
……
，
＝[(2)，(3)，··· ，(10)]
Calculation prediction model:
=()+
We used MATLAB software to test the relative residual, variance ratio and small probability error of
the model, Q=0.0745, C=0.7702, P=0.3333. After consulting the accuracy standards of relevant
models, the accuracy of this model can be applied.
This paper measures college students’ social network from three aspects, divides network interest into
information resources and career support, and divides the main influencing factors of career planning
into three aspects. This paper holds that the influence of social network on college students’ career
planning is realized through the intermediate variable of network interest. The different characteristics
of college students’ social networks will have an impact on the information resources and career
support in Internet interests, and the differences in Internet interests will have different impacts on
college students’ career planning. This paper proposes a hypothetical model of the impact of social
network on college students’ career planning, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure. 2 Hypothesized model of the impact of social network on college students’ career planning
The explained variable of this model is “whether career planning has been carried out”, and there are
two types of variables :1 is yes, 0 is no. Explanatory variables are factors that affect college students’
individual characteristics and cognition of career planning, including gender, grade, cadre, discipline,
basis for major selection, career satisfaction, cognition of career development direction, source of
professional knowledge, cognition of career planning, etc., which are all dummy variables. Assuming

that the probability of college students’ career planning is iP

, the specific form of the logit model is as

follows:

)]}(exp[1{

1

)(
11


m
jijj

m
i
jiji

uX

uXFP


Where, iP
is the probability of the first college student making career planning, and i

is the number of

college students; j

represents the regression coefficient of the type influencing factors; m

represents the number of influencing factors; ijX

is the explanatory variable, and j

represents the

influencing factors of college students;  is for intercept; u is the error term.
College students’ career planning consciousness is an important basis to measure whether they have the
need for career planning. The survey found that almost all college students said they had or were
thinking about their future and prospects, and only a very small number said they had never considered
sending one. However, it is worth noting that very few students are really able to make real efforts for
their future ideals [20]. At the same time, students from different families have great differences in
their career planning consciousness. Students whose parents are highly educated do relatively well.
They have better social resources than other students and have stronger information gathering and
social skills. Due to the need for a profound cultural foundation at both cognitive and theoretical levels,
college students whose fathers have a bachelor’s degree are significantly better than those whose
fathers have only received junior high school education in terms of theoretical guidance: compared
with students whose fathers have not received education or have only received primary and junior high
school education, they are more receptive to new ideas [21]. The growth behavior of college students
whose mothers are college students or undergraduate students is significantly better than that of college
students whose mothers are junior middle school students. Their overall performance in growth
exploration and growth planning was better than those whose mothers had no education or only
education. Students with a primary or secondary education do better. Career planning is a systematic
project, without the scientific guidance of colleges and universities, it is difficult to achieve good
results. Demand for career guidance is high, and most students believe that schools need to provide
good theoretical support and practical guidance. Therefore, colleges and universities should strengthen
the systematic guidance and evaluation of the function and effect of college students’ career planning
activities in order to provide targeted help according to the actual situation and needs of students. A
recognized career planning evaluation tool can help college students understand themselves correctly,
let students realize their strengths and weaknesses, and then design a truly suitable career planning.
Before you can build a predictive model, you need to collect data. Through investigation and statistics,
we have obtained the comprehensive quality evaluation results data of the seven classes of students in a
vocational college in the past ten years. There are 61 students, and each student has 1 year of
evaluation data. The evaluation includes 10 dimensions such as theoretical knowledge, practical ability,
innovation consciousness and team cooperation. Each dimension is on a scale of 120 points. Then, the
collected data is preprocessed.
Then, the collected data is preprocessed:
1) Fill in the missing value: For students without evaluation data, mark 0 points in the corresponding
dimension;
2) Remove outliers: Remove samples with abnormal deviations in scores, such as all 0 or full marks;
3) Data normalization: the min-maximum normalization method was adopted to normalize the score
results of each dimension to the range of 0-120;
4) Construct evaluation data set: Summarize normalized scores according to students and evaluation
year to form evaluation input data set.
After pre-processing, we obtained a dataset of 61 evaluation samples for the training and testing of the
grey prediction model.

4. Result analysis and discussion
   After the grey prediction model is built, two levels of data are used to verify the validity of the model.
   The data of the first two years of each grade is used as the prediction set to predict the comprehensive
   evaluation data of students in the next two years, and the predicted results are compared with the actual
   results to verify whether they are consistent, so as to verify whether the optimization model is effective.
   The waveforms formed by the predicted data are generally consistent with the actual data, and the
   optimized model is effective. Some parts are slightly different. The reason for the analysis is that
   insufficient initial data will lead to local errors in the algorithm, and the influence of special students
   will also lead to prediction errors. The comparison between the predicted data and the actual data is

shown in Figure 3.

51015202530354045505560
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115

Numbering

Predicted grades
Real grades

Figure 3 Comparison of predicted data with actual data

A recent survey on graduates’ satisfaction with career planning shows that some graduates are not
satisfied with the help provided by their schools and society in terms of career planning services and
career guidance. The results of the survey reflect that the current career planning of college students
has not fully aroused the high attention of the school and the society. Specifically, only about 20
percent of the graduates surveyed were satisfied with the services provided by the university’s career
center. The main complaints are that career planning education resources are relatively weak,
professional career guidance is insufficient, and many universities lack systematic and professional
personnel training programs. This shows that the means and mode of vocational planning education in
schools are relatively simple, and the degree and effect of guidance need to be strengthened.
Employment services at the social level also have a similar problem and cannot fully meet the
development needs of graduates. These circumstances reflect that there is still much room for
improvement in the development of college students’ career planning education and the provision of
vocational guidance services. The results of this survey show that college graduates are less satisfied
with career planning services both on and off campus. This reminds schools and society to pay more
attention to and invest in the career development of college students, and take more active and effective
measures to help students make career planning and improve their employability. The satisfaction of
college graduates with employment services provided by the school and the society is shown in Figure
4.

246810121416182022242628303234
0
10
20
30
40
50
60

Classification

Very satisfied
Satisfy
Generally
Dissatisfied

Figure 4: College graduates’ satisfaction with the university and social employment services
The survey shows that the vast majority of colleges and universities have set up specialized career
planning courses or employment guidance services, but some college students still say that the
guidance in these areas is not enough. Further analysis shows that when many college students
encounter difficulties in career selection and job hunting, they first turn to their parents or relatives and
friends, and rarely take the initiative to seek help from the school’s career guidance department. On the
one hand, some college students are still in a confused state of career development, have not formed the
consciousness of active planning and exploration, and are more dependent on external forces; On the
other hand, it also reflects the problems existing in the current college career planning education, such
as insufficient publicity and guidance, and the service level needs to be improved. In general, although
career guidance has been greatly developed in recent years, the communication and interaction between
colleges and students in career planning still need to be strengthened. Universities should take the
initiative to strengthen career publicity, innovate guidance services, and help students establish a sense
of independent planning and improve employability. This is the current and future period of China’s
colleges and universities to promote the career development of college students the key direction. The
knowledge sources of college students’ career planning are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Sources of college students’ career planning knowledge

Career planning service Frequency Percentage (%)
School career guidance office 181 30.17
Parents 159 26.5
Newspapers, magazines, etc. 200 33.33
Employment association 60 10
Total 600 100

The survey found that the main way for college students to acquire career planning knowledge is not
through school channels. Only 30.17% of students choose career centers and employment associations;

Parents and newspapers and magazines were selected by 26.5 percent and 33.33 percent, respectively.
This phenomenon is closely related to the problems existing in the current college career planning
education. The propaganda and guidance of universities and colleges in this area are not enough to
become the main channel for students to acquire relevant knowledge. This suggests that it is necessary
for schools to further strengthen career planning education and improve students’ ability and quality to
carry out career planning. Career planning is of great significance to college students and is related to
their employment development. Schools should give full play to the leading role, innovate the content
and form of career planning education, strengthen the communication between teachers and students in
the process of career guidance, help students establish a sense of independent planning, and master
scientific career decision-making methods. This is an important point to promote the career
development of college students at present and in the future. The degree of emphasis on the position of
college graduates in career planning is shown in Figure 5.

5101520

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Numerical value

Very concerned
Important
Generally
Did not consider

Figure 5: College graduates attach importance to career planning

The data show that college students generally attach great importance to the importance of career
planning and have a strong demand for career planning. This reflects that students have basically
realized that planning their career development direction is crucial to employment. However, on the
other hand, many college students are relatively weak in receiving systematic and professional career
guidance and training. This is partly due to the lack of time and effort invested in this area and the
failure to meet some of the higher requirements and standards. This suggests that schools and society
need to invest more resources in college students’ career planning education, and help students
systematically master the knowledge and skills required for career planning through professional
training and economic support. It is of great significance to expand the employment horizon of college
students and realize the effective docking of their self-value and social needs.
Conceptually speaking, college students’ career planning belongs to the distant future planning.
However, it is inseparable from the growth process of college students, and it needs to start from the
correct ideological guidance and scientific planning. Therefore, it is a very important part of the current
stage to help college students establish the correct career planning concept and form a good planning
consciousness. However, there are still some major problems in the existing career planning education
system of college students in China: First, the guidance of college students’ growth planning has not
been fully popularized and implemented. The career development guidance provided by many colleges
and universities for college students is not comprehensive and specific, and has not really penetrated
into the actual life of students. Secondly, the development of career planning courses in some local

colleges and universities is not perfect, and some even do not offer relevant courses, which cannot
provide reasonable and effective career guidance to college students. This is also a common problem
faced by all colleges and universities, that is, whether to give enough attention and investment in the
career planning of college students. A survey shows that rational and promising careers have a high
status among college students. Whether this reflects a certain deviation in students’ career planning
needs to be corrected by effective measures taken by the school, which is worth further research and
discussion. Do you think that there are ideological deviations in college students’ career planning? As
shown in Figure 6.

010203040506070
10
20
30
40
50
60

Number of people surveyed

Civil servant
Engineer
Researchers
Self-employed persons
Teacher

Figure. 6 There are conceptual deviations in college students’ career planning

The survey found that many college students are more willing to engage in jobs related to mental work,
believing that this kind of work is more honorable and valuable than manual work. To a certain extent,
this reflects the misunderstandings existing in the career choice of college students. On the one hand, it
is easy to lead to the limitations of college students’ employment choices, which do not fully consider
the actual demand of the labor market; On the other hand, it is also related to the influence of
pragmatism and money worship in the current society. Many college students first consider the income
situation, but ignore the personal career ideal and interest. Such short-sighted and drifting thoughts are
not conducive to college students’ scientific and reasonable career planning. The school and the society
need to guide students to correctly understand the development prospects of all walks of life, establish
correct professional values, and explore the career direction suitable for their own development on this
basis. This is a direct and effective way to correct the deviation of college personnel training and
promote the career development of college students. When college students find it difficult to find a
job, they will seek the way as shown in Figure 7.

510152025303540455055606570
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Number of investigations
Teacher
Parents
Professional organizations
Solve it alone
Friends and relatives

Figure 7. How college students seek help in finding jobs

According to the survey data, college students’ self-consciousness in the process of career planning is
relatively traditional, which is related to the insufficient guidance and lagging construction of colleges
and universities in this field. The results show that it is necessary for colleges and universities to further
strengthen and innovate college students’ career planning education and improve their scientific
planning ability.
Fundamentally, the emergence of this problem is related to the structural problems existing in the talent
training mechanism of Chinese universities. Specifically, there is a tendency for colleges and
universities to adjust their major Settings quickly depending on market hot spots, but this often leads to
the blind allocation of educational resources, and it is difficult to take into account the development
needs of college students. Due to the frequent changes in popular majors, students are likely to
eventually face employment difficulties. In order to correct this kind of education distortion, colleges
and universities should objectively analyze the long-term and stable talents demand in the society, and
guide students to do a good job positioning early based on their own characteristics. On this basis, we
should continue to increase the construction of career planning courses, connect professional learning
with professional practice platforms, and comprehensively improve the employability and
comprehensive quality of college students.

5. Conclusion
   To sum up, college students generally attach great importance to career planning, but it is too idealistic,
   not strong in practice, and the planning effect is not high. It is mainly reflected in the deviation of
   college students’ cognition of the career world and the lack of correct career orientation. This is closely
   related to the lack of systematic and comprehensive career guidance for college students. In order to
   explore the effective path of college students’ career planning, this paper constructs a prediction model
   based on grey system theory. The research shows that this model can simulate and predict the law of
   college students’ career development well, especially suitable for small and medium-sized data
   scenarios, and has the characteristics of fast operation speed and high precision. However, the model
   itself also has room for optimization, such as adjusting key parameters, simplifying algorithms, and
   verifying big data to further improve the prediction accuracy.
   Overall, this study preliminarily proves the feasibility of the career planning method of college students
   based on data algorithm. The follow-up research will continue to improve the model on this basis, and
   combine big data and artificial intelligence technology to explore a more scientific and reasonable
   career planning and guidance mechanism. It is of great significance to improve the quality of personnel

training in Chinese universities.
In order to better guide the career development of college students, colleges and universities can build
special career planning platforms and formulate systematic growth training plans to help students cope
with employment problems smoothly. The organic combination of ideological and political education
and career planning is an important content of this platform. Rich ideological and political education
resources can help college students understand themselves correctly, establish a positive outlook on
life, values and career choice ideas, so as to improve their comprehensive quality to a certain extent. At
the same time, it is also conducive to further expanding and innovating the current path of ideological
and political education. In the face of the new situation, colleges and universities should adopt a variety
of ways and means to constantly explore new methods and ways of ideological and political education.
It is one of the important measures to realize the goal of talent training to combine it closely with the
construction of college students’ career planning. Through moral cultivation and quality training, help
college students to establish good professional quality; Stimulate the vitality of ideological and political
education resources through career planning and guidance. This is an important starting point for
deepening the development of college students at present and in the future.
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